*This is an updated version of the February 21st blog post.
Key Takeaways:
Many U.S. companies continue to struggle under the burden of President Trump’s tariffs on imports from China. The President has postponed a scheduled March 2, 2019 deadline to increase the tariff rate on many Chinese products from 10 to 25 percent.
When we went to press with the first version of this article (February 21, 2019), negotiations between the United States and China had failed to reach an agreement that would prevent the tariff increase.
Now the President has decided that progress in those negotiations has been “substantial.” On that basis, he directed U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer to postpone the March 2 tariff increase until further notice.
Background: Trade War and Tariff Battle Lines
As we first predicted in 2017, the Trump administration has opened several battlefronts in what is now a moderately severe trade war with China.
In the spring of 2018, the Trump Administration began imposing tariffs after the USTR’s investigation into unfair Chinese trade practices. That investigation was conducted under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. Section 301 focuses on whether unreasonable or discriminatory trade practices of another country pose an unreasonable burden on U.S. commerce. If so, the statute authorizes the president to impose (among other measures) tariffs on the goods of that country. A tariff is simply an extra tax on the importer, levied as a percentage of the value of the goods.
The investigation of China determined that its practices of intellectual property theft and forced technology transfer warrant Section 301 remedies. As a result, the Trump administration imposed tariffs on three successive lists of goods imported from China, now colloquially referred to as the List 1, List 2, and List 3 tariffs. Currently, there is no set expiration date for the tariffs.
The Wavering Path of Negotiations
The path of the President’s trade negotiations with China has been anything but smooth. The List 3 tariffs are currently set at a 10 percent ad valorem duty. Those tariffs have been in effect on $200 billion worth of Chinese imports since September 24, 2018. Those tariffs were set to increase to 25 percent on January 1, 2019.
- Tariff increase delayed. On December 19, 2018, the eve of the impending deadline, USTR extended the effective date of the increase to March 2, 2018. That extension was intended to allow further negotiations between the United States and China to obtain the elimination of the harmful acts, policies, and practices identified in the investigation. The scope of those negotiations has reportedly expanded to include nontariff barriers, cyber intrusions, cybertheft, and agriculture.
- Tariff increase back on. As of the end of January 2019, President Trump was showing no signs of backing down on the increase to 25 percent on List 3. Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin told reporters that China had offered over 1.2 trillion dollars in additional commitments on trade, but that the offer was rejected. China also offered to buy enough U.S. products to bring the United States-China trade deficit to zero. Negotiations continued, but no deal appeared to be in sight.
- Trump teases a tariff increase delay. On February 12, 2019, President Trump indicated that he would consider extending the March 2 deadline, but emphasized he was not inclined to do so.
- Tariff increase expected. A delegation led by Treasury Secretary Mnuchin and USTR Robert Lighthizer went to China on February 14, but those negotiations again yielded no agreement to stop the tariff increase. Negotiations are slated to continue the week of February 25 in Washington, DC. Nevertheless, taking into account the length of the current negotiations, the extent of the current tariffs, and the Chinese practices at issue, at the first time we went to press, we did not expect a resolution by March 2.
- Tariff increase postponed. On February 28, 2019, USTR, at President Trump’s direction announced that it would postpone the date on which the rate of the additional duties will increase to 25 percent. The duties on List 3 are set at 10 percent “until further notice.” There is no guarantee, however, that the increase to 25 percent won’t be reinstated if negotiations do not progress sufficiently.
How To Cope with the Tariffs
Even with the Section 301 tariff increase postponed, the U.S. trade wars create a significant burden on some importers. We recommend a careful review of import activity to make sure you are in the best position to cope. Areas for review include the following:
- Conduct a Harmonized Tariff System classification review. U.S. tariffs are imposed by reference to classification under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS). With its nuances in interpretative rules, changing categories, and extensive case law, HTS classifications are difficult and often prone to error. Sometimes a product may be misclassified under an HTS code included on the Section 301 tariff lists, and the correct HTS code is excluded from the lists. Companies may conduct an informal classification or request formal classification from Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to determine the correct HTS code. Of course, if you change your classification, you may expect intense scrutiny from CBP. So there is a high premium on getting HTS classification changes right.
- Shift supply chains where appropriate. Depending on the product, some companies have been able to shift supply chains in order to source goods from countries other than China. In addition to the business considerations, further legal analysis is needed when shifting a supply chain to ensure compliance with a range of Customs laws. For example, a product made in China but exported to the United States from a middleman country is still subject to the Section 301 tariffs, and engaging in a scheme to evade Section 301 duties in such a manner is unlawful. Additionally, many products are subject to other so-called trade remedies, such as antidumping duties and countervailing duties. Those duties can dwarf the Section 301 duties, so be sure your supply chain shift doesn’t land you in the fire from the relative safety of the frying pan.
- Determine if eligible for duty drawback. If your company imports a Chinese component and conducts manufacturing operations in the United States in which that imported component becomes part of an exported product, you may be eligible for duty drawback. Duty drawback allows a company to recover effectively 99 percent of the duties paid on imported components manufactured into goods that are subsequently exported.
- Take advantage of exclusion opportunities. If the List 3 tariffs are increased, USTR may initiate a process by which companies can request exclusions for products on List 3. That exclusion request process would likely be similar to the processes for Lists 1 and 2. Those requests required a physical description of the product, the HTS code, and the annual quantity and value of the product purchased from China for the last three years, along with policy advocacy in favor of exclusion.
In summary, while the increase from 10 to 25 percent tariffs on List 3 goods from China has been postponed, the burden of the existing tariffs continues to be extensive. Nevertheless, there are some ways for companies to cope. Your team of international trade attorneys at Sheppard Mullin is at your disposal to help.